A variable has been used but not defined, which may result in warnings during program execution. This can also cause bugs since the intended usage scope of the variable is not known. This issue will be raised in the following cases: - The variable is defined **after** it is used. - The variable's definition occurs within an `if` or `switch` statement but is used outside of the condition. - The variable has been destroyed (possibly using `unset()`) but is used again. - An argument to a function is referred to by name after it has already been provided as a positional argument. - `$this` is used inside a static method or closure. - Using variables in view/template files, passed from controller or other place. ### Bad practice ```php function greetUser(string $name): string { echo $greetings . ' ' . $name; // $greetings is not defined yet $greetings = 'Hello'; } ``` ```php function greetUser(string $name = '') { if (is_array($name)) { $greetings = 'Hello'; } return $greetings . ' ' . $name; // $greetings is only defined if $name is an array, which is statically impossible due to $name's type hint } ``` ```php function greetUser(string $firstName = '', string $lastName = ''): string { $greetings = 'Hello'; return $greetings . ' ' . $firstName . ' ' . $lastName; } greetUser($name, $name = 'Doe'); // $name was not defined before its first use in the first argument, and has been defined in the second argument. ``` The intent in the above example may have been to use the new named argument syntax introduced in PHP 8. This syntax makes use of the `:` operator instead of the `=` operator. You can find the documentation for this syntax in the references section. ```php function greetUser(string $name = '') { $greetings = 'Hello'; if ($name === '') { unset($greetings); } return $greetings . ' ' . $name; // $greetings may have been destroyed in a previous line, and statically cannot be considered valid } greetUser(); ``` ```php class User { public static function greet() { return $this->getMessage(); // $this will not work inside a static method } } ``` ```php class User { public function greet() { $message = static function () { return $this->getMessage(); // $this will not work inside a static closure }; return $message; } } ``` #### Using variables in view/template file: View/template files are basically PHP code fragments. So by themselves, they don’t have enough context available for our analyzer to do its job. So it is discouraged to use analyzer on these files. Use [`exclude_patterns`](https://deepsource.com/docs/concepts#exclude_patterns) to exlude these files/folders from the analysis. ```php

``` ### Recommended ```php function greetUser(string $name): string { $greetings = 'Hello'; echo $greetings . ' ' . $name; } ``` ```php function greetUser(string $firstName = '', string $lastName = ''): string { $greetings = 'Hello'; return $greetings . ' ' . $firstName . ' ' . $lastName; } greetUser('John', 'Doe'); ``` ```php function greetUser(string $name = '') { $greetings = 'Hello'; if ($name === '') { return $greetings; } return $greetings . ' ' . $name; } greetUser(); ``` ```php class User { public function greet() { return $this->getMessage(); } } ``` ```php class User { public function greet() { $message = function () { return $this->getMessage(); }; return $message; } } ``` #### Using variables in view/template file: To make this work, you'll have to add [`@var`](https://docs.phpdoc.org/3.0/guide/references/phpdoc/tags/var.html#var) PHPDoc tag throughout the view files. It'll fix the issue causing this error. ```php /** * @var string $message */

``` ## References - [Variables - Basics](https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.basics.php). - [Variable scope](https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.scope.php). - [Static anonymous functions](https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.anonymous.php#functions.anonymous-functions.static). - [Named Arguments](https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.arguments.php#functions.named-arguments).

PHP

Static Analysis, SAST, Code Coverage, Code Complexity